case study in qualitative research

A case study’s design can be considerably less predetermined than many other forms of research, evolving in many ways dependent on the nature of the eventual case (Thomas, 2011). A case study can be understood as a type of empirical research that aims to describe and analyze data gained through observations of one or more cases. Case studies may be included in larger quantitative or qualitative studies to provide a concrete illustration of findings, or they may be conducted independently, either longitudinally or in a more limited temporal period. I’m Dr Jade Catterson. The most frequently used qualitative research methods are one-on-one interviews, focus groups, ethnographic research, case study research, record keeping, and qualitative observation. Example: “A study into differences of leadership practices between private and public sector organizations in Atlanta, USA.”. Studies in business research belonging to this category usually describe culture or sub-culture, and they attempt to discover the key phenomena. Case Study Model. Conducting one-on-one interviews is one of the most common qualitative research methods. To collect information from the participants directly, you might give surveys or interviews and analyze responses. Newbury Park: Sage, 1993. Case study research may seem difficult to operate, but it’s actually one of the simplest ways of conducting research as it involves a deep dive and thorough understanding of the data collection methods and inferring the data. This is a qualitative case study conducted under an interpretive research paradigm. Researchers still need to be knowledgeable about the basics to create a comprehensive research report. The purpose of this qualitative case study is to understand administrators’ management of various student behaviors, collection of building-level data around student conduct, and use of such data to make student-level and building-level decisions for improvement. Case study two: qualitative research. "Case study research is a qualitative approach in which the investigator explores a bounded system (a case) or multiple bounded systems (cases) over time through detailed, in-depth data collection involving multiple sources of information (e.g., observations, interviews, audiovisual material, and documents and reports) and reports a case description and case-based themes" (ibid. A case study research paper usually examines a single subject of analysis, but case study papers can also be designed as a comparative investigation that shows relationships between two or more subjects. (Stake, 2005). For example, statistical analysis may have shown that birthrates in African countries are increasing. Sociologists using these methods typically reject positivism and adopt a form of interpretive sociology. When the approach is applied correctly, it becomes a valuable method for health science research to develop theory, evaluate programs, and develop interventions. By opting for the case study research methodology, the researchers are able to give a quantitative approach and analyze the behavior with depth at the same time. A carefully selected sample of several participants is selected to allow for cross-case comparisons. This is an excellent source for finding definitions of key terms and descriptions of research design and practice, techniques of data gathering, analysis, and reporting, and information about theories of research [e.g., grounded theory]. The purpose of this qualitative case study is to understand administrators’ management of various student behaviors, collection of building-level data around student conduct, and use of such data to The database also includes case studies outlining the research methods used in real research projects. Copyright 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Education, Explore state by state cost analysis of US colleges in an interactive article, TESOL: Qualitative Research: Case Study Guidelines, The Qualitative Report: Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers. Each of the research approaches involve using one or more data collection methods.These are some of the most common qualitative methods: Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detailed field notes. Exploratory case study data collection method is often accompanied by additional data collection method(s) such as interviews, questionnaires, experiments etc. According to Maxwell (2005), the roles of a researcher in a qualitative research depend on the characteristics of qualitative research, which include naturalistic inquiry, holistic perspective, inductive analysis, qualitative data, personal contact and insight, unique case orientation, dynmic systems, empathetic neutrality, context sensitivity, subjectivity and design flexibility.A qualitative … There are two key ... For example, in surveys, observations or case studies, your data can be represented as numbers (e.g. In a multiple-case studies design, effects are studied between and within participants based on the context of the behavior. Example: “An investigation into the reasons of the global financial and economic crisis of 2008 – 2010.”, Descriptive case studies aim to analyze the sequence of interpersonal events after a certain amount of time has passed. Time-series analysis, cross-case synthesis and logic models are methods of analyzing data. It uses a number of different research methodologies. Case studies using this method can utilize various techniques to gather qualitative data. Case Studies. Revised and Expanded from Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. [2] [3] Another suggestion is that case study should be defined as a "research strategy", an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context. As established, qualitative research is very flexible. [2] [3] Another suggestion is that case study should be defined as a "research strategy", an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context. qualitative case study to answer the research questions that frame this study. (Parkinson & Drislane, 2011) 12.7. Qualitative case study methodology provides tools for researchers to study complex phenomena within their contexts. Focus groups: asking questions and generating … Issues to be explored, nature and exact number of participants, plans for recruitment and methods of data collection can be difficult to describe with complete certainty until case selection, or even later. The value of the case study approach is well recognised in the fields of business, law and policy, but somewhat less so in health services research. The research question not only dictates the methods of data collection, but also the methods of data analysis. 1. In the view of Yin, “the case study represents an empirical research that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, and includes a method comprehensive, with the logic of planning, gathering and data analysis.†Can include both single case studies as multiple, as well as quantitative approaches and qualitative research. Single-subject research provides the statistical framework for making inferences from quantitative case-study data. Case Study: A Strategic Research Methodology. In this study, case study design which is one of the qualitative research methods was used. Example: “Impact of increasing levels of multiculturalism on marketing practices: A case study of McDonald’s Indonesia.” Researchers may also use documentation or archival files to create a whole picture of the context at question. A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. How to Do Case Studies in Qualitative Research. Research method is the effective tool towards gathering of information in sciences. This type of case studies focus on phenomena within the contexts of real-life situations. In a case study, you are deliberately trying to isolate a small study group, one individual case or one particular population. Participant Observation. The subjects of a case study may be an individual, a family, a classroom, organization or business, a single town or city. Example: “Impact of increasing levels of multiculturalism on marketing practices: A case study of McDonald’s Indonesia.”, Exploratory case studies aim to find answers to the questions of ‘what’ or ‘who’. Case studies may be descriptive or explanatory. Yin RK. 6. The case study model looks into the single subject in-depth to elaborate it in a more comprehensive way. Selecting an appropriate case study design depends on the research question, and the research question dictates the data collection method or methods. This type of research method is usually used in education or social sciences. Both case study and narrative research gather a great deal of highly detailed information on each case, e.g., a case study may collect a detailed account of a particular social program; or a narrative inquiry may result in long, very personal stories associated with a chronic illness. As you plan your research study, you must complete justification for your data collection methods. qualitative case study to answer the research questions that frame this study. This paper describes the features of a well designed case study and gives examples showing how qualitative methods are used in evaluations of health services and health policy. 5. The case study is one of the widely used types of q ualitative research methods that evolved over the last few years. According to its design, case studies in business research can be divided into three categories: explanatory, descriptive and exploratory. Case study methods. The methods used to study a case can rest within a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method investigative paradigm. This is a qualitative case study conducted under an interpretive research paradigm. [Qualitative research is] research using methods such as participant observation or case studies which result in a narrative, descriptive account of a setting or practice. Case studies are characterized by setting, context or environment, and holistic data collection methods and are used to inform theories, design future studies and develop interventions based on context. Perhaps because a case study focuses on a single unit, a single instance, the issue of generalizability looms larger here than with other types of qualitative research. Case study evaluations, using one or more qualitative methods, have been used to investigate important practical and policy questions in health care. She is currently teaching at a middle school. Following the determination that case study research, and particularly qualitative case study research, is the appropriate approach, Yin (2012, 2014) and others suggested that attention should be focused on the research design – the “blueprint for your research” (Yin, 2014, p. 29) or the “logical plan for getting from here to there” (p. 28). A case study’s design can be considerably less predetermined than many other forms of research, evolving in many ways dependent on the nature of the eventual case (Thomas, 2011). One-on-one interviews . One type of qualitative research involves doing case studies, or examining the relationship between a phenomenon and a single person or group in-depth and over time. Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. Topics: Marketing, Management, Social media Pages: 4 (971 words) Published: December 3, 2015. Explanatory case studies aim to answer ‘how’ or ’why’ questions with little control on behalf of researcher over occurrence of events. A case study can be understood as a type of empirical research that aims to describe and analyze data gained through observations of one or more cases. It is based on an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event. Interviews: personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations. You may come out with a great computer model for describing how the ecosystem of a rock pool works but it is only by trying it out on a real life … Case studies do have certain disadvantages that may include lack of rigor, challenges associated with data analysis and very little basis for generalizations of findings and conclusions. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003. A case study is, perhaps, the most widely used methodology due to its flexibility.Data for qualitative researches are typically obtained from different sources such as focus groups, interviews, observations of real-life settings, and documents. Readers can learn vicariously from an encounter with the case through the researcher's narrative description. Qualitative research Qualitative research is expressed in words. The case study method involves more than just interviews and direct observation. The case study approach allows in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex issues in their real-life settings. A descriptive study follows the subject to describe and analyze the context and setting in an attempt to explain the behavior in question. ). This includes an array of quantitative and qualitative research tools, ranging from desk-based literature reviews to in-depth case studies. Case study research: design and methods. Issues to be explored, nature and exact number of participants, plans for recruitment and methods of data collection can be difficult to describe with complete certainty until case selection, or even later. Qualitative research methods are designed in a manner that help reveal the behavior and perception of a target audience with reference to a particular topic. 2.2 Reliability and validity in case study research Although the term ‘Reliability’ is a concept used for testing or evaluating quantitative research, the idea is most often used in all kinds of research. Qualitative Research Design Case Study . Quantitative data … Although they are considered generic, this does not mean that they are done with mediocrity. To do a case study in qualitative research, carefully select a specific subject and use appropriate data collection methods and analysis to attempt to understand the subject and surrounding circumstances -- also called context. Qualitative research methods are designed in a manner that help reveal the behavior and perception of a target audience with reference to a particular topic. The case study model looks into the single subject in-depth to elaborate it in a more comprehensive way. An explanatory study attempts to answer the "why" question behind a phenomenon, again without manipulating any aspect of the behavior. References . The value of the case study approach is well recognised in the fields of business, law and policy, but somewhat less so in health services research. Case studies, as a research design, are also being conducted across disciplines and research traditions. using rating scales or counting frequencies) or as words (e.g. When the approach is applied correctly, it becomes a valuable method for health science research to develop theory, evaluate programs, and develop interventions. Case study is a research methodology, typically seen in social and life sciences. Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods, but quantitative methods are sometimes also used. When the approach is applied correctly, it becomes a … 2nd edn. A variety of case-study designs are available to select from. Written data may be coded by identifying relevant points and examined for patterns. Res Nurs Health 1996;19:525–9. A case study is a research approach in which one or a few instances of a phenomenon are studied in depth. While a holistic compilation of data cannot be counted and measured, data analysis in case studies is still methodical and systematic. The case study approach allows in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex issues in their real-life settings. The case study research design is also useful for testing whether scientific theories and models actually work in the real world. Case studies using this method can utilize various techniques to gather qualitative data. It is from Chapter 3, Qualitative Case Study Reseaarch in the book Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation by Sharan B. Merriam. Qualitative case study methodology provides tools for researchers to study complex phenomena within their contexts. A descriptive study would highlight both the setting and the subjects' reactions in an attempt to better understand the effects of the setting. Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: Introduction. Case studies typically seek to answer questions beginning with “how” or “why.” Richardson also served as the co-editor-in-chief of "Windhover," an award-winning literary and arts magazine. Studies in business research belonging to this category usually describe culture or sub-culture, and they attempt to discover the key phenomena. To help you master qualitative research, here are a few methods you can use. Besides, case study research design can be used with other research strategies to address related research questions in different phases of a research project, and yet a further strategy would be to start with exploratory case study research and then to test the emerging findings in wider survey-based research (HARTLEY, 1994, p.215, 2004, pp.326-327). For this reason, case study research often involves the use of multiple methods for collecting data. From an ontological perspective, unlike the position of the positivist paradigm in which there is the belief that there is only one truth and that objective reality does exist independent of human perception, this study employs the constructivist view of reality and the essence of phenomenon. However, some methods are more commonly used in one type or the other. As well as, a case study has an opportunity to bend several methods into justified research design. To gather observational data, you can complete direct observations and record field notes, or collect and analyze video or audio recordings. Some researchers argue that aggregation and interpretation are included in analysis, as well. @inproceedings{Merriam1998QualitativeRA, title={Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education: Revised and Expanded from Case Study Research in … The first foundation of the case study is the subject and relevance. A case study research paper usually examines a single subject of analysis, but case study papers can also be designed as a comparative investigation that shows relationships between two or more subjects. Advantages of case study method include data collection and analysis within the context of phenomenon, integration of qualitative and quantitative data in data analysis, and the ability to capture complexities of real-life situations so that the phenomenon can be studied in greater levels of depth. Use a case study to investigate a research question in which the subject of the study and the context of the study are intertwined. Case studies may involve both qualitative and quantitative research methods. There are different types of qualitative research methods like an in-depth interview, focus groups, ethnographic research, content analysis, case study research that are usually used. The Qualitative Report, 13(4), 544-559. By using multiple sources of data (and both qualitative and quantitative data) researchers may attain the richest possible understanding of a case. A case study may be defined as an in-depth exploration of a phenomenon, an individual process or an event based on the context that uses multiple techniques for data collection and analysis. Because this study method covers both qualitative and quantitative approaches, significant studies are made in the field. A case study is a research method common in social science. 4. This qualitative case study is an approach to research that facilitates exploration of a phenomenon within its context using a variety of data sources. Sandelowski M. One is the liveliest number: the case orientation of qualitative research. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research. From an ontological perspective, unlike the position of the positivist paradigm in which there is the belief that there is only one truth and that objective reality does exist independent of human perception, this study employs the constructivist view of reality and the essence of phenomenon. Case studies were the predominant research approach at the beginning of modern social science. Although they are considered generic, this does not mean that they are done with mediocrity. However, much can be learned from a particular case. Case studies may be included in larger quantitative or qualitative studies to provide a concrete illustration of findings, or they may be conducted independently, either longitudinally or in a more limited temporal period. Descriptive case studies aim to analyze the sequence of interpersonal events after a certain amount of time has passed. It is quite likely, as Stake (1994) points out, that researchers doing case study research are calling it by another name. Each method includes multiple steps and requires in-depth explanation. This ensures that the issue is not explored through one lens, but rather a variety of lenses which allows for multiple facets of the phenomenon to be revealed and understood. Qualitative case study is a research methodology that helps in exploration of a phenomenon within some particular context through various data sources, and it undertakes the exploration through variety of lenses in order to reveal multiple facets of … You can use a variety of methods to collect descriptive data. A case study is a research approach in which one or a few instances of a phenomenon are studied in depth. The posting below looks at, as the title suggests, the strengths and limitations of case studies research. Hannah Richardson has a Master's degree in Special Education from Vanderbilt University and a Bacheor of Arts in English. Case studies aim to analyze specific issues within the boundaries of a specific environment, situation or organization. A tutorial on case study research from Colorado State University. My e-book, The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: a step by step assistance offers practical assistance to complete a dissertation with minimum or no stress. Research methods: case study analysis . Formulate your research question. I’ve been in the department now approximately a year and a half. Qualitative research makes use of inquiry orientation which covers many forms of inquiry (Punch, 2005). For example, a descriptive study may be used to answer the research question, How does a student with ADHD respond to the inclusion setting? Qualitative research methods. There are different types of qualitative research methods like an in-depth interview, focus groups, ethnographic research, content analysis, case study research that are usually used. As a qualitative research method, case studies should be used when the behavior, intervention or independent variable is not manipulated. Researchers still need to be knowledgeable about the basics to create a comprehensive The methods used to study a case can rest within a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method investigative paradigm. Interpretivism (interpretivist) Research Philosophy, The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: a step by step assistance. Unlike ethnographic research, case studies do not necessarily focus on cultural aspects of a group or its members. Case studies were the predominant research approach at the beginning of modern social science. In qualitative methodologies, such as case study, grounded theory, and phenomenology, you can improve the validity of your findings if you use one of various forms of triangulation.Here is an excellent and comprehensive definition of “triangulation” from Thomas A. Schwandt in his book, The Sage Dictionary of Qualitative Inquiry, 3rd edition, Sage Publications, (2007):“Triangulation is a means of checking the integrity of the inferences one draws. This paper describes the features of a well designed case study and gives examples showing how qualitative methods are used in evaluations of health services and health policy. To do a case study in qualitative research, carefully select a specific subject and use appropriate data collection methods and analysis to attempt to understand the subject and surrounding circumstances -- also called context. with open-ended questions or descriptions of what you observe). Single-subject research provides the statistical framework for making inferences from quantitative case-study data. The e-book covers all stages of writing a dissertation starting from the selection of the research area to submitting the completed version of the work before the deadline. Therefore, case studies offer the "opportunity for a holistic view of a process" (PATTON & APPELBAUM, 2003, p.63). Stake R. Multiple case study analysis. Unlike ethnographic research, case studies do not necessarily focus on cultural aspects of a group or its members. 5.2 Case study research and qualitative content analysis As was already shown in Section 3.1 the case study will provide a multi-dimensional perspective that may be used to create a shared view of the situation being studied (REMENYI et al., 2002, p.5). The case study method has grown into a valuable qualitative research method. A case study is, perhaps, the most widely used methodology due to its flexibility.Data for qualitative researches are typically obtained from different sources such as focus groups, interviews, observations of real-life settings, and documents. The case study is one of the widely used types of q ualitative research methods that evolved over the last few years. In qualitative research, the context informs the research question. These studies answer "why" and "how" questions and are designed to investigate the conditions surrounding the subject being studied. Case studies use unstructured interviews and observations to understand the experience or behavior of individuals. The research paradigm adopted for any specific research exercise will affect the research results by creating a slightly different view or the perspective of the study (Christensen, 2007). The most important test/strategy of any qualitative study is its quality. New york: The Guildford Press, 2006. In qualitative research, the context informs the research question. An explanatory case attempts to identify a causal relation between the context and the behavior. These studies are a type of qualitative design that rely on observation, narratives and descriptive data. Qualitative case study methodology provides tools for researchers to study complex phenomena within their contexts. Qualitative research methodologies are as standard as you might think. View transcript. Additionally, case studies can be qualitative and/or quantitative. Most importantly, the case study method essentially forces people to make a decision about the question being studied, then defend their position through the use of facts. 4. Qualitative Research through Case Studies will help students improve the quality of their work through introducing a wide range of traditions, including interpretive approaches such as grounded theory, dramaturgical analysis, ethnomethodology and conversation analysis and political approaches such as critical discourse analysis, feminism and postmodern ethnography. The qualitative methods described below are all likely to be used in case study research. Case studies are a popular research method in business area. The forms of inquiry include naturalistic inquiry, field study, interpretative research, case study, ethnography, participant observation, and inductive research. Qualitative research methodologies are as standard as you might think. In the view of Yin, “the case study represents an empirical research that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, and includes a method comprehensive, with the logic of planning, gathering and data analysis.†Can include both single case studies as multiple, as well as quantitative approaches and qualitative research. 1. Case studies may involve both qualitative and quantitative research methods. She has been a writer since 2004 and wrote regularly for the sports and features sections of "The Technician" newspaper, as well as "Coastwach" magazine. Given the time and cost restraints of many projects the more in-depth methods are often perceived as time consuming and frequently dismissed. According to Baxter and Jack (2010) qualitative case study is an approach to research that facilitates exploration of a phenomenon within its context using a variety of data sources. For example, a case study could be used to investigate the effects of inclusion versus separation in resource classes on the on-task behavior of a student with ADHD. Thankfully, we designed Quirkos to do just that, and you can download a free trial to see how it can help your qualitative analysis and case study research! Case study evaluations, using one or more qualitative methods, have been used to investigate important practical and policy questions in health care. In this video, Dr Jade Catterson discusses her approach to research using qualitative methods. Case studies are qualitative research methods that look intensively at an individual or specific situation. I’m a lecturer in Human Geography here at Coventry University.

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